EMPREENDEDORISMO E ECOSSISTEMAS EMPREENDEDORES: ESTUDO DE CASO

Autores

  • Fernando Manuel Valente CINEA, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Portugal
  • José Dantas CARME, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
  • Mónica Brito Universidade de Évora & CEGOT CEGOT, Centro de Estudos de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, Portugal

Palavras-chave:

Empreendedorismo, Ecossistema Empreendedor, Empreendedores, Incubadoras, Startups

Resumo

O fomento de condições que estimulem a criação de novas empresas, apoiem o seu crescimento rápido e a sua capacidade inovadora tem merecido uma atenção especial de diversas entidades públicas e privadas. Este interesse funda-se na expetativa da regeneração empresarial e social e no crescimento económico das regiões onde essas novas empresas são criadas. As condições para o seu aparecimento e crescimento dependem de um conjunto de atores que frequentemente incluem universidades, investidores, incubadoras, entidades públicas, entre outros. Esta constatação culminou, em termos académicos, numa abordagem emergente de ecossistema empreendedor que se concentra em compreender como os contextos afetam o empreendedorismo. Neste artigo procura-se compreender a relação entre o empreendedorismo e os ecossistemas empreendedores e a forma como estes fenómenos tentam explicar a criação de novas empresas. O objetivo central deste artigo é compreender como diferentes configurações do ecossistema (Coimbra e Sines) produzem resultados com especificidades e caraterísticas próprias.

Biografia do Autor

Fernando Manuel Valente, CINEA, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Portugal

Fernando Manuel Valente é doutorado em Gestão pelo Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão da Universidade de Lisboa, é professor há 22 anos no Instituto Superior de Setúbal – Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, na área de conhecimento das Ciências Empresariais, onde leciona Unidades Curriculares nas áreas da Inovação e do Empreendedorismo. Na atualidade, é investigador e membro fundador do CINEA (Centro de Investigação em Energia e Ambiente). Publicou até à presente data mais de 20 artigos em revistas e livros de atas e 9 capítulos em livros para além de outros trabalhos. Participou de vários projetos internacionais patrocinados pela União Europeia e em múltiplos eventos relacionados com as áreas de Inovação e Empreendedorismo. Coordenou uma unidade de apoio ao empreendedorismo no IPS durante 4 anos. Possui, também, experiência gestão numa empresa privada e criou e geriu negócios próprios.

José Dantas, CARME, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal

Licenciado em Organização e Gestão de Empresas pelo ISEG, possui também um MBA em Gestão Internacional e um doutoramento em Ciências Económicas e Empresariais pela Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.

A sua vida profissional foi-se dividindo entre o mundo empresarial onde desempenhou funções de direcção em empresas de diferentes sectores (financeiro, electrónica, construção civil e consultoria) e o mundo académico onde tem colaborado com diferentes escolas (Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, Instituto Superior da Maia e Politécnico de Leiria).

Na atualidade, é investigador e membro fundador do CARME (Centro de Investigação Aplicada em Gestão e Economia) e professor no Politécnico de Leiria

Tem participado como orador e moderador em múltiplas conferências nacionais e internacionais, faz parte do corpo editorial de múltiplas revistas internacionais e é autor de um significativo conjunto de publicações (artigos científicos, livros e capítulos de livros), maioritariamente na área de inovação e empreendedorismo, publicadas no País e no estrangeiro.

Mónica Brito, Universidade de Évora & CEGOT CEGOT, Centro de Estudos de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, Portugal

Mónica Morais de Brito é doutorada em Turismo Lazer e Cultura pela Universidade de Coimbra. Atualmente é Professora Auxiliar na Universidade de Évora e Investigadora no CEGOT – Centro de Estudos de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, tendo sido até 30 de setembro de 2020 Diretora Executiva no Sines Tecnopolo, cargo que exerceu durante oito anos. Ao longo da sua carreira profissional tem compatibilizado a carreira académica e a investigação com cargos de direção e gestão no Estado e em Empresas. Os seus interesses de investigação prendem-se com a dualidade da sua intervenção, recaindo nomeadamente sobre a Inovação e Empreendedorismo em Turismo, entre outros.

Referências

ACS, Z., AUDRETSCH, D., BRAUNERHJELM, P., & CARLSSON, B. (2012). Growth and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 289-300.

ACS, Z., AUTIO, E., & SZERB, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43 (3), 476-494.

ACS, Z., SZERB, L. & AUTIO, E. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Index 2015. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute, Washington, DC.

AMIRAHMADI, H., & SAFF, G. (1993). Science parks: a critical assessment. Journal of Planning Literature, 8(2), 107-123.

AUDRETSCH, D. (2007). Entrepreneurship capital and economic growth. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(1), 63-78.

AUTIO, E., KENNEY, M., MUSTAR, P., SIEGEL, D. & WRIGHT, M. (2014) Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy 43(7), 1097-1108.

BARALDI, E., & HAVENVID, M. (2016). Identifying new dimensions of business incubation: A multi‐level analysis of Karolinska Institute's incubation system. Technovation, (50-51), 53-68.

BATHULA, H., KARIA, M., & ABBOTT, M. (2011), The Role of University-Based Incubators in Emerging Economies. [Working Paper nº 22], Centre for Research in International Education, AIS St. Helens.

BOSCHMA, R., & TER WAL, A. (2007). Knowledge networks and innovative performance in an industrial district: The case of a footwear district in the South of Italy. Industry and Innovation, 14(2), 177-199.

BRAMWELL, A., NELLES, J., & WOLFE, D. (2008). Knowledge, innovation and institutions: Global and local dimensions of the ICT cluster in Waterloo, Canada. Regional Studies, 42, 101-116.

BRAUNERHJELM, P., ACS, Z., AUDRETSCH, D. & CARLSSON, B. (2010). The missing link: Knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth. Small Business Economics, 34(2), 105-125.

BRITO, M. (coord.) (2013). Sines Tecnopolo – Da Visão à Ação – Documento de Orientação Estratégica 2013/2015. Sines: Sines Tecnopolo.

CARLSSON, B., ACS, Z., AUDRETSCH, D., & BRAUNERHJELM, P. (2009). Knowledge Creation, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: A Historical Review. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(6), 1193-1229.

CASSON, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 58, 327-348.

CHIESA, V., & CHIARONI, D. (2005). Industrial Clusters in Biotechnology: Driving Forces, Development Processes and Management Practices. London: Imperial College Press.

COHEN, B. (2006). Sustainable Valley Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15(1), 1-14.

DEBACKERE, K. (2000). Managing academic R&D as a business at K. U. Leuven: context, structure and process. R&D Management, 30, 323-328.

DEBACKERE, K., & VEUGELERS, R. (2005). The role of academic technology transfer organizations in improving industry science links. Research Policy, 34, 321-342.

DODD, S., & ANDERSON, A. (2007). Mumpsimus and the Mything of the Individualistic Entrepreneur. International Small Business Journal, 25, 341-360.

DUBINI, P. (1989). The influence of motivations and environment on business start-ups: Some hints for public policies. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(1), 11–26.

EISENHARDT, K. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Manage¬ment Review, 14(4), 532-550.

ETZKOWITZ, H., WEBSTER, A., GEBHARDT, C., & TERRA, B. (2000). The Future of the University and the University of the Future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29, 313-330.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2004). Technology Transfer Institutions in Europe: an Overview. In Improving Institutions for the Transfer of Technology from Science to Enterprise (BEST PROJECT “ITTE” 1.11/2002): European Commission, Enterprise Directorate-General.

FELDMAN, M. (2001). The entrepreneurial event revisited: firm formation in a regional context. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 861-891.

FELDMAN, M., & FRANCIS, J. (2004). Homegrown solutions: Fostering cluster formation. Economic Development Quarterly, 18(2), 127-137.

FELDMAN, M., FRANCIS, J., & BERCOVITZ, J. (2005). Creating a cluster while building a firm: entrepreneurs and the formation of industrial clusters. Regional Studies, 39(1), 129-141.

FELDMAN, M., & ZOLLER, T. (2012). Dealmakers in place: Social capital connections in regional entrepreneurial economies. Regional Studies, 46, 23-37.

FERNANDEZ, M., BLANCO, J., & CUADRADO, R. (2015). Business incubation: Innovative services in an entrepreneurship ecosystem. Service Industries Journal, 35, 783-800.

FRANZONI, C., & LISSONI, F. (2009). Academic entrepreneurs: critical issues and lessons for Europe. In: Varga, A. (Ed.) Universities, Knowledge Transfer and Regional Development: Geography, Entrepreneurship and Policy (163-190). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

FRITSCH, M. (2011). New Business Formation and Regional Development: A Survey and Assessment of the Evidence, [Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1127], German Institute for Economic Research, DIW Berlin.

FUJITA, M., & THISSE, J. (2002) Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, Industrial Location and Regional Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (GERA) (2013). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Report 2017/18. Retrieved September, 13, 2018, from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/50012.

GERTLER, M. (2003). Tact knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tacitness of being (there). Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 75-99.

GODIN, B., & GINGRAS, Y. (2000). The place of universities in the system of knowledge production. Research Policy, 29, 273-278.

GUSTAFSSON, R., & AUTIO, E. (2011). A failure trichotomy in knowledge exploration and exploitation. Research Policy, 40(6), 819-831.

HALLAM, C., NOVICK, D., GILBERT, D., FRANKWICK, G., WENKER, O., & ZANELLA, G. (2017). Academic entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurial ecosystem: the UT transform project. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 23(1), 77-90

HENRY, N., & PINCH, S. (2001). Neo-Marshallian nodes, institutional thickness, and Britain’s “Motor Sport Valley”: Thick or thin? Environment and Planning A, 33(7), 1169-1183.

HOANG, H., & ANTONCIC, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 165-187.

HOWELLS, J. (2006). Intermediation and the role of intermediaries in innovation. Research Policy, 35, 715-728.

ISENBERG, D. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 41-50.

ISENBERG, D. (2011). The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: principles for cultivating entrepreneurship: Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project, Babson College, Babson Park: MA

ISENBERG, D. (2014). What an entrepreneurship ecosystem actually is. Harvard Business Review blog.

JOHANNISSON, B. (2011). Towards a Practice Theory of Entrepreneuring. Small Business Economics, 36(2), 135-150.

KINGMA, B. (2014). Creating a dynamic campus‐community entrepreneurial ecosystem: Key characteristics of success. In A. Corbett, D. Siegel, & J. Katz (Eds.), Academic Entrepreneurship: Creating an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth), (16, 97-114). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

KIRKELS, Y., & DUYSTERS, G. (2010). Brokerage in SME networks. Research Policy, 39, 375-385.

KIRZNER, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

KNIGHT, F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. New York: Augustus Kelly.

LARRINAGA, O. (2017). Is it desirable, necessary and possible to perform research using case studies? Cuadernos de Gestión, 17(1), 147-172.

LIÃNÁN, F., URBANO, D., & GUERRERO, M. (2011). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(3-4), 187-215.

LICHTENSTEIN, G., & LYONS, T. (2001). The entrepreneurial development system: Transforming business talent and community economies. Economic Development Quarterly, 15, 3-20.

LOCKETT, A., SIEGEL, D., WRIGHT, M., & ENSLEY, M. (2005). The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: managerial and policy implications. Research Policy, 34, 981-993.

LUNDVALL, B. (1992). National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Pinter.

MALECKI, E. (2018). Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Geography Compass, 12(3), 1-21.

MASSEY, D., QUINTAS, P., & WIELD, D. (1992). High-tech fantasies: science parks in society, science and space. London: Routhledge.

MASON, C., & BROWN, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship. Background paper prepared for the workshop organised by the OECD LEED Programme and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship, The Hague, Netherlands.

MCCLELLAND, D. (1961). The Achieving Society. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand Company.

MCCLELLAND, D. (1972). What is the effect of achievement motivation training in the schools? Teachers College Record, 74, 129-145.

MEYER, M. (2003). Academic Entrepreneurs or Entrepreneurial Academics? Research-Based Ventures and Public Support Mechanisms. R&D Management, 33(2), 107-115.

MOTOYAMA, Y., & KNOWLTON, K. (2017). Examining the connections within the startup ecosystem: A case study of St. Louis. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 7(1), 1-32.

MOWERY, D., RICHARD, R., BHAVEN, N., & ARVIDS, A. (2004). Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation: University-Industry Technology Transfer Before and After the Bayh–Dole Act. California: Stanford University Press.

NAUWELAERS, C. (2011). Intermediaries in regional innovation systems: role and challenges for policy. In P. Cooke (Ed.), Handbook of regional innovation and growth (467-481). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

NIJKAMP, P. (2003) Entrepreneurship in a Modern Network Economy. Regional Studies, 37, 395-405.

O’DONNELL, A., GILMORE, A., CUMMINS, D., & CARSON, D. (2001). The network construct in entrepreneurship research: A review and critique. Management Decision, 39(9), 749-760.

O’SHEA, R., CHUGH, H., & ALLEN, T. (2008). Determinants and consequences of university spinoff activity: a conceptual framework. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33(6), 653-666.

OWEN-SMITH, J., & POWELL, W. (2004). Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community. Organization Science, 15(1), 5-21.

PORTER, M. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: MacMillan.

POWELL, W., KOPUT, K., BOWIE, J., & SMITH-DOERR, L. (2002). The spatial clustering of science and capital: Accounting for biotech firm-venture capital relations. Regional Studies, 36(3), 291-305.

PRAHALAD, C. (2005). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits. Saddle River: Wharton School Publishing.

QIAN, H., ACS, Z., & STOUGH, R. (2013). Regional systems of entrepreneurship: The nexus of human capital, knowledge and new firm formation. Journal of Economic Geography, 13(4), 559-587.

RAAGMAA, G., & KEERBERG, A. (2017). Regional higher education institutions in regional leadership and development. Regional Studies, 51, 260-272.

RICE, M., & HABBERSHON, T. (2007). Introduction. In M. Rice, & T. Habbershon (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: The engine of growth (ix-xxv). Westport, CT: Praeger.

RICE, M., FETTERS, M., & GREENE, P. (2014). University‐based entrepreneurship ecosystems: A global study of six educational institutions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 18, 481-501.

SAXENIAN, A. (1994). Regional Advantage of Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: HBP.

SCHAEFFER, V., & MATT, M. (2016). Development of academic entrepreneurship in a non‐mature context: The role of the university as a hub‐organization. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 28, 724-745.

SCHUMPETER, J. (1943). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

SCHUMPETER, J. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

SHANE, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

SIEGEL, D., WESTHEAD, P., & WRIGHT, M. (2003). Science parks and the performance of new technology-based firms: a review of recent U.K. evidence and an agenda for future research. Small Business Economics, 20(2), 177-184.

SIMATUPANG, T., SCHWAB, A., & LANTU, D. (2015). Introduction: Building sustainable entrepreneurship ecosystems. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 26(4), 389-398.

SPIGEL, B. (2015). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 49-72.

STAM, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1759-1769.

STAM, E., & SPIGEL, B. (2017). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. In: R. Blackburn, D. De Clercq, J. Heinonen, & Z. Wang (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (407-423). London: SAGE.

STAM, E., SUDDLE, K., HESSELS, J. & VAN STEL, A. (2009) High-Growth Entrepreneurs, Public Policies and Economic Growth. In: J. Leitão, & R. Baptista (eds), Public Policies for Fostering Entrepreneurship: A European Perspective (91-110). New York: Springer.

STEYAERT, C., & KATZ, J. (2004). Reclaiming the Space of Entrepreneurship in Society: Geographical, Discursive and Social Dimensions. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 16, 179-196.

THEODORAKI, C., MESSEGHEM, K., & RICE, M. (2018). A social capital approach to the development of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: an explorative study. Small Business Economics, 51(1), 153-170.

THORNTON, P., & FLYNN, K. (2003). Entrepreneurship, networks and geographies. In Z. Acs & D. Audretsch (eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (401-433). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com /chapter/10.1007/0-387-24519-7_16

TRIPPL, M., SINOZIC, T., & LAWTON, H. (2015). The role of universities in regional development: Conceptual models and policy institutions in the UK, Sweden and Austria. European Planning Studies, 23, 1722-1740.

VAN DE VEN, H. (1993). The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 211-230.

WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM (WEF) (2013). Entrepreneurial ecosystems around the globe and company growth dynamics (industry agenda). Geneva: World Economic Forum

WRIGHT, M., CLARYSSE, B., MUSTAR, P., & LOCKETT, A. (2007). Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar.

YIN, R. (1989). Case Study Research. Design and Methods. In: Applied Social Research Methods Series, 5, second edition. London: Sage Publications.

ZAHRA, S., & WRIGHT, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship’s next act. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(4), 67-83.

ZAHRA, S., WRIGHT, M., & ABDELGAWAD, S. (2014) Contextualization and the advancement of entrepreneurship research. International Small Business Journal, 32, 479-500.

Publicado

2020-12-30 — Atualizado em 2021-03-08

Versões

Como Citar

Valente, F. M., José Guilherme Leitão Dantas, & Mónica Morais de Brito. (2021). EMPREENDEDORISMO E ECOSSISTEMAS EMPREENDEDORES: ESTUDO DE CASO. Revista De Empreendedorismo E Gestão De Micro E Pequenas Empresas, 5(03), 102–131. Recuperado de https://www.revistas.editoraenterprising.net/index.php/regmpe/article/view/256 (Original work published 30º de dezembro de 2020)